Zakhayer-e Enghelab (Pastoral Nomads)

Zakhayer-e Enghelab (Pastoral Nomads)

The Empowerment Status of Nomadic Communities in Iran's First through Seventh Development Plans

Document Type : Review Article

Author
Mahnaz Rahbari
Ph.D. in Geography and Rural Planning and Expert of Nomads Comprehensive Studies Office of Nomads Affairs Organization of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
10.22034/jzepn.2024.488410.1001
Abstract
The investigation and evaluation of development plans is a common scientific method through which one can understand the aims, approaches, and underlying concepts of these plans. Considering the significant role of such plans in the growth and development processes of countries, particularly in promoting the sustainability and prosperity of nomadic communities, this study aims to investigate the regulations and laws governing these plans concerning the empowerment of Iran's nomadic community from the period of the Islamic Revolution to the present. The method employed in this paper is based on documentary approaches that examine government policies in development plans related to the empowerment of nomadic communities. This investigation utilizes two planning approaches: technology-based rational planning and a communicative and participatory approach. The results indicate a lack of coordination between policy and implementation, a predominance of up-down and non-participatory approaches in the development plans, and the inefficiency of empowerment methods as the primary findings of this paper. The study recommends a reevaluation of government policies outlined in the nomadic development plans. This should involve the selection of more suitable social and economic policies, the adoption of effective empowerment methods, and the enforcement of existing laws within these plans.
Keywords
Empowerment
Nomadic Society
Development Plans
Iran
Subjects
افتخاری، عبدالرضا رکن ­الدین و بهزادنسب، جانعلی. (1383). برنامه ­ریزی ارتباطی، رویکردی انتقادی به نظریه برنامه ­ریزی (با تاکید بر برنامه­ ریزی توسعه روستایی). مدرس، 8(1)، 22-1. http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-2855-fa.html
عظیمی ­آملی، جلال و افتخاری، عبدالرضا رکن ­الدین. (1393). حکمروایی روستایی (مدیریت توسعه پایدار). تهران: انتشارات سمت.
موحد، علی؛ قاسمی­ کفرودی، سجاد؛ کمانرودی، موسی و ساسان­پور، فرزانه. (1393). بررسی توسعۀ محله های شهری با تاکید بر الگوی حکمروایی خوب شهری (منطقه 19 شهرداری تهران). برنامه­ریزی و آمایش فضا، 19(1). 179-147. http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-275-fa.html
واعظ ­زاده، ساجده؛ نقدی، اسدالله و ایاسه، علی. (1394). مؤلفه ­های پایداری اجتماعی در برنامه­ های توسعۀ ایران. مطالعات توسعۀ اجتماعی ایران، 7(2)، 45-59. https://sanad.iau.ir/Journal/jisds/Article/821571
Assche, K. V., Duineveld, M., Beunen, R. (2014). Power and Contingency in Planning. Environment and Planning 46(10), 2385-2400. https://doi.org/10.1068/a130080p.
Blair, H. (2000). Participation and Accountability at the Periphery: Democratic Local Governance in Six Countries. World Development, 28(1). 21-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(99)00109-6.
Bottrell, D. (2009). Understanding ‘Marginal’Perspectives Towards a Social Theory of Resilience. Qualitative Social Work, 8(3). 321–339. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473325009337840.
Chen, Z., Li, L., & Li, T. (2016). The organizational evolution, systematic construction and empowerment of Langde Miao s community tourism. Tourism Management, 28(6), 75-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.03.012.
Dhungel, Y. N., & Tips, W. E. (1987). Rural development management in Nepal, Part I: Coordination in the Rasuwa‐Nuwakot Integrated Rural Development Programme. Public Administration and Development, 7(1), 43-58. https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.4230070104.
Fernandez, S. & Moldogaziev, T. (2015). Employee empowerment and job satisfaction in the US federal bureaucracy: A self-determination theory perspective. The American review of public administration, 45(4). 375-401. https://doi.org/10.1177/0275074013507478.
Giampiccoli, A., & Mtapuri, O. (2012). Community-based tourism: An exploration of the concept (s) from a political perspective. Tourism Review International, 16(1), 29-43.. https://doi.org/10.3727/154427212X13431568321500.
Giannone, D., Lenza, M. & Reichlin, L. (2019). Money, Credit, Monetary Policy and the Business Cycle in the Euro Area: What Has Changed since the Crisis? (January 25, 2019). ECB Working Paper, No. 2226. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3324094.
Gielen, D. M., &  Tasan-Kok, T. (2010). Flexibility in Planning and the Consequences for Public-value Capturing in UK, Spain and the Netherlands. European Planning Studies, 18(7), 1097-.1311. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654311003744191.
Healey, P. (2000). Planning theory and urban and regional dynamics: a comment on Yiftachel and Huxley. Urban and Regional Research, 24(4), 917-921. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.00288.
Isaac, T. M. T. & Harilal, K. N. (1997). Planning for empowerment: People's campaign for decentralised planning in Kerala. Economic and Political Weekly, 32(1/2). 53-.85. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4404967
Eom, S-J. (2011). Synergy between state and rural society for development: An Analysis of the Governance system of the rural Saemaul Undong in Korea. the Institute of Korean Studies, 42(4), 279-613. https://uci.kci.go.kr/resolver/G704-000783.2011.42.4.003  
Knight, D. W. & Cottrell, S. P. (2016). Evaluating tourism-linked empowerment in Cuzco Peru. Tourism Research, Vol.56, 32-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2015.11.007.
Kumanini, N. G. (1993). Development problems in rural Ghana: the case of Wamfie. Minneapolis: Walden University. 
Dab, J. K. (2013). Establishing good governance in local self-government administration in Rural India: portraying the priorities. Asian journal of research in social sciences and humanities, 3(10), 29-35.‏ https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci13010019.
Mackinnon, D (2002). Rural governance and local involvement: assessing state community relations in the Scottish Highlands. Rural studies, 18(3), 307-324. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0743-0167(01)00048-1.
Monkman, K., Miles, R., Easton, P. (2007). The transformatory potential of village empowerment program: The Tostan replication in Mali. Womens studies international forum, 30(6), 451-464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2007.09.005.
Ríos, R., Olmedo, C., Fernández, L. (2007). Empowered women from rural areas of Bolivia promote community development. Promotion & Education, 14(2). 83-94. https://doi.org/10.1177/10253823070140021801.
Ristic, L. (2013). Strategic management of sustainable rural development in the Republic of Serbia. Economic Horizons, 15(3). 233-248. https://doi.org/10.5937/EKONHOR1303229R.
Vikas, C (2002). Rural Development: Principles, Policies, and Management. The Journal of Asian Studies, 61(1), 317-328. https://doi.org/10.2307/2700279.
Waligo, V. M., Clarke, J. & Hawkins, R. (2013). Implementing sustainable tourism: A multisttakeholder involvement management framework. Tourism management, Vol.36, 342-353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.10.00.