https://www.jzepn.ir/ Zakhayer-e Enghelab (Pastoral Nomads) en daily 1 Sat, 21 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0330 Sat, 21 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0330 https://www.jzepn.ir/article_239728.html https://www.jzepn.ir/article_239729.html https://www.jzepn.ir/article_239730.html https://www.jzepn.ir/article_222521.html One of the important topics consistently discussed in recent decades is the organization of nomads in the country, which has various economic, social, and environmental objectives. The organization and settlement of nomads entail many positive and negative consequences, including environmental impacts. The present study aims to assess the environmental impacts of implementing the settlement plan on the quality of life of nomads in Khaf County across four nomadic centers: Chahzoul, Bonyabad, Nahour, and Deh-Khatib, using a descriptive method. Data were collected through library and field methods. The statistical population included all 779 nomadic households residing in the four centers. The sample size was determined using Cochran's formula, and households were selected through simple random sampling. Furthermore, SPSS software and the VIKOR multi-criteria decision-making model were used to analyze the findings. Examining the environmental impacts of implementing the settlement plans showed that the level of main factors affecting the nomads' quality of life in the development centers is moderate. Also, the prioritization results from the VIKOR model indicated that the implementation of settlement plans in the Nahour development center (Qi= 0.0178) and in the Chahzoul development center (Qi= 0.791) had the highest and lowest impact, respectively, on all environmental dimensions of the nomads' quality of life. Finally, practical recommendations derived from the research results were presented for the use of decision-makers and decision-takers in this field. https://www.jzepn.ir/article_222101.html Despite numerous opponents and proponents of the plan for settling the nomadic community, this community, like urban and rural communities, must benefit from development programs in order to elevate and improve their living standards and to enjoy and utilize existing resources and capacities. Nomadic areas possess capacities for development, increased production, and employment; however, the nomads themselves, due to a lack of technical and financial capability, are unable to exploit them. On the other hand, due to the increase in the nomadic population and the limited capacity of the utilized pastures, it is not possible to employ the added individuals in pastoral livestock farming through nomadism. Under these circumstances, the surplus nomads must either migrate to cities and be removed from the productive community, or they must change their livelihood method and choose occupations and income sources other than pasture-based livestock farming within their living territory, and through sedentarization, remain while benefiting from productive development indicators. The research method of this study was descriptive-analytical, carried out by examining existing sources through library research and interviews with stakeholders, and by utilizing the author's lived executive-management experience. The findings revealed that managed settlement in the nomadic community can be distinguished and divided into two periods: before the victory of the Islamic Revolution (the first period: from 1933, with the aim of subduing the power of the nomads and by force) and after the victory of the Islamic Revolution (the second period: from 1978, with the aim of respecting and providing services to the nomads and expanding justice based on their will and with their participation). Finally, based on the findings, suggestions were presented for the use of the scientific-executive audience in this field. https://www.jzepn.ir/article_214303.html This article investigates the traditional practice of livestock trading, known as Chubdari among the nomadic and transhumant tribes of Semnan Province. The study's primary objective is to document and analyze a portion of the indigenous knowledge and techniques associated with this traditional occupation, which has historically played a vital role in the economic exchanges of the region's nomadic population. This research was conducted using a descriptive-analytical method and using field observations, in-depth interviews with 14 elderly chubdars (livestock traders), pastoralists, and shepherds, and library studies. The findings reveal that this traditional livestock trading system, which was managed by highly experienced and skilled individuals, encompassed a set of complex techniques that have been largely overlooked by researchers in the fields of nomadic studies and pastoralism. This is significant, as there is a notable scarcity of information on this important occupation in the existing body of research on Iran's nomadic tribes. Over the past century, this traditional mode of commerce has been profoundly impacted by modernization. The introduction of vehicles, the expansion of road networks in pastoral territories, and the proliferation of communication technologies—particularly mobile phones over the last three decades and the subsequent rise of virtual spaces—have fundamentally altered these traditional practices. Consequently, many of the complex economic and social relationships that once existed between Chubdars and pastoralists have been eroded. https://www.jzepn.ir/article_219082.html The present study is a description of the Iman-lu tribe of the Darreh-e-Shori tribe who live in the Cheshme-e-Rahman Plain and spend their summers in this area. This research was conducted using a monographic method and the data collection tool was non-participatory observation and semi-structured interviews with local experts and informants. In the last few decades, the Iman-lu tribe has experienced significant changes in demographic and livelihood areas. After settling in nomadic settlements and receiving support from the Department of Tribal Affairs and the transfer of pastures and land for agriculture, this group has shown great interest in agriculture in addition to animal husbandry and has been able to perform successfully in this sector. Also, living in the summer has led to the growth of handicraft production, especially Gabba weaving among women, and has contributed to the livelihood of families. Communal and family exploitation systems are the dominant systems among the Iman-lu tribe. Social solidarity among the group is high, which has reduced inequality and social distance, so that the number of poor and needy households is small. The people of the Iman-lu tribe do not need livelihood and government support schemes; rather, they need the development of transformation and complementary industries to increase productivity in the agricultural, animal husbandry, and handicraft sectors. In addition, this region has suitable natural, artistic, and nomadic capacities for establishing nomadic tourism camps and handicrafts. Considering the existence of social, cultural, economic, and environmental patterns among the people and the region under study, it seems that the necessary conditions, context, and tools exist there for the development of tourism and transformation and complementary industries. https://www.jzepn.ir/article_227095.html Estrus synchronization is an important technique in reproductive management of livestock. Considering the weak reproductive management in nomadic herds and in order to improve the existing conditions, the aim of this project was to investigate the effect of estrus synchronization using progesterone and PMSG on the reproductive performance of nomadic sheep in Fars Province during the breeding season. This article was conducted in nomadic herds with 400 Turkish breed ewes during the breeding season. As the results indicate, there were significant differences among treatments in fertility rate, lambing rate, and twinning rate. Estrus synchronization in nomadic herds can be used as an effective strategy to achieve lambing synchrony, increase red meat production efficiency, concentrate lambing within the shortest possible period (maximum one month), improve feeding management for breeding ewes and lambs, enable better care during late pregnancy, lambing, and postpartum, and control lambing time throughout the year to make optimal use of pastures and other available feed resources. It can also help prevent the overlap of mating and lambing periods with seasonal migration in nomadic systems. However, to optimize this method, further research is recommended on the effects of estrus synchronization combined with supplementary feeding on the yield and composition of colostrum and milk in nomadic sheep flocks. This method, in addition to improving lambing synchrony and increasing production efficiency, enables better management of nomadic flocks and reduces costs associated with estrus and lambing asynchrony. https://www.jzepn.ir/article_222100.html Iran is one of the countries located in the arid belt of the Earth and is predicted to be one of the 66 countries experiencing water stress by the end of this century. For this reason, the use of freshwater resources for drinking, health, and industry has been prioritized. This study was conducted with the aim of finding the optimal location for drilling wells in order to provide drinking water to the nomads of the selected areas, increase livestock production, and create sustainable employment. Two nomadic regions of Hassanabad Javanzadeh (34 km from Esfarayen) and Qarjehbayer (154 km from Esfarayen) were selected as study areas. After field visits and meetings with the nomads and provincial administrators, a questionnaire based on the criteria for locating water wells was designed and the analytic hierarchy process was used to prioritize the criteria. The groundwater level in the study area varied between 20 and 90 meters and the electrical conductivity of the water varied between 840 and 7110 microsiemens/cm. In the Hasanabad Javanzadeh area, the water quality was satisfactory and its salinity was moderate in some places. The findings showed that the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the aquifer, especially thickness and salinity, play a determining role and the distance from residential centers is the least important. In locating the wells. In order to determine the characteristics of the wells, considering the population forecast and the estimated water demand in the project horizon, the water demand of the Hasanabad Javanzadeh study area is (0.63) liters per second and the water demand of the Qarjeh-Bayer study area is (1) liters per second. Therefore, in order to provide water in the long term and also increase the efficiency of water withdrawal, the flow rates of the proposed wells for the Hasanabad Javanzadeh and Qarjeh-Bayer study areas were proposed as (2) and (3) liters per second, respectively, for pump selection. https://www.jzepn.ir/article_225685.html Voluntary participation in Iranian communities and the country, with its roots and historical background deeply intertwined with religion, has grown so extensively that its previously unknown dimensions are becoming increasingly apparent. Given that voluntary participation is a fundamental necessity for economic development, and Jihadi and volunteer groups are now considered the executive arms of governments, this article aims to analyze the challenges in the participation of these groups, NGOs, and charities within nomadic communities. The goal is to optimize the utilization of this public and philanthropic potential within nomadic society. The research approach for this study was qualitative, and the method employed was the Delphi method. The statistical population consisted of two groups: the first group comprised informed individuals and experts from the Nomadic Affairs Administration in provinces that have benefited from the voluntary participation of Jihadi groups and non-governmental organizations. The second group consisted of Jihadi groups and NGOs that have carried out voluntary activities within the nomadic community. A total of 17 individuals were interviewed as experts and informed sources, acting as informants, until theoretical saturation was reached. The findings from the analysis of interviews with the informant groups revealed that voluntary participation in the nomadic community is categorized into two areas: organized activities and separate voluntary participation. From the perspective of directors and experts in the Nomadic Affairs Administrations, the drawbacks of voluntary participation were identified as focusing on non-essential matters, undermining the spirit of resilience and self-sufficiency, and a lack of unified procedures. The categories extracted from the interviews with Jihadi groups and NGOs included the challenge of competition instead of governmental cooperation and synergy, the unevenness of the path, and a lack of awareness regarding the priorities of the nomadic community https://www.jzepn.ir/article_228672.html This article reviews successful international experiences in developing nomadic livelihoods and analyzes common and different patterns in Kenya, India, Argentina, and Australia. The aim of this research is to identify best practices and practical solutions for improving the livelihoods of nomadic communities. Using library research and case study methods, the results show that local community participation, sustainable development, and cultural tourism are among the key factors for success in this field. Challenges such as market access and financing are also identified. Finally, this article provides suggestions for policymakers, government, and non-governmental organizations to help improve the livelihoods of nomadic communities and preserve their rich cultures.lutions for improving the livelihoods of nomadic communities. Using library research and case study methods, the results show that local community participation, sustainable development, and cultural tourism are among the key factors for success in this field. lutions for improving the livelihoods of nomadic communities. Using library research and case study methods, the results show that local community participation, sustainable development, and cultural tourism are among the key factors for success in this field. https://www.jzepn.ir/article_229569.html Traditional dairy products are produced in many provinces of the country, and many of these products are safe and healthy and have a high nutritional value, thus they can promote food security. Traditional dairy products are a major source of potential probiotic bacteria. Probiotic dairy products play a special role among functional foods and constitute a major part of the functional foods market. In recent years, the interest in functional fermented foods, such as probiotic products, has increased due to their therapeutic properties and has attracted public attention. Identifying and supporting the production of Traditional dairy products and helping to supply these products can be effective in creating employment and improving the livelihoods of nomads. If the indigenous knowledge of making these products is lost, it will be very difficult to revive them, and this emphasizes the importance of timely documentation, compilation, and dissemination of indigenous knowledge of making products, and planning to promote their production and use in diets. The aime of this review study is to investigate the production chain of dairy products among the nomads of South Khorasan Province. The research method in this study is documentary and library. The investigations showed; Various types of Cheese, Yogurt, Qaraqrout, Dogh, Yellow oil, Sorkhfat, Sardosh, Cream, Suzemeh, Shirtaz, Shiraz, Fele, various Curd, Yellow curds, meske (butter), Gurmast and milk wheat are among the important dairy products in this province. In addition to sheep and goat milk, the nomads of this province have good skills in processing camel milk, and various dairy products, including Milk, Dogh, Liquid curd, Cubed curd, black curd, Butter, and camel yellow oil, are also produced and marketed. https://www.jzepn.ir/article_235180.html Context and Purpose: The nomadic community of Iran, owning nearly 27.7 million heads of livestock, contributes significantly to the production of red meat, milk, and plays a strategic role in food security, production sustainability, and population stability in border regions. However, climatic pressures, rangeland degradation, market fluctuations, and the absence of efficient marketing systems threaten the sustainability of nomadic livelihoods. The objective of this study is to examine the role of nomadic livestock in national food security and to propose strategies for improving productivity. Design/methodology/approach: This study is analytical and policy-oriented in nature. Data were collected from secondary sources, including reports from the Iranian Nomadic Affairs Organization, FAO, and related field studies, and were analyzed using a qualitative analytical approach. Findings: The results indicate that adopting balanced rations based on local and supplementary feed resources, implementing community-based breeding programs, developing livestock value chains, and establishing insurance and credit infrastructures can enhance production efficiency as well as the economic and environmental resilience of nomadic livestock systems. Conclusion: The proposed measures include integrating nomadic livestock systems into national food security and national defense policies, improving productivity and livelihood sustainability, and supporting border communities. Originality/value: By combining analytical and field-based evidence, this study identifies key challenges and provides policy-oriented solutions for enhancing food security and the sustainability of Iran’s nomadic livestock systems. It holds substantial scientific and practical value for policymakers and national development planners. https://www.jzepn.ir/article_235582.html Global warming has created its greatest challenge in the field of agriculture due to the dependence of all agricultural activities on temperature. On the other hand, climate change also affects the natural rangeland ecosystems, leading to reduced forage production, changes in rangeland quality, and in some cases, desertification, soil erosion, and alterations in vegetation structure, ultimately causing the extinction of plant and animal species. The livelihoods and lifestyles of migratory pastoralists and nomadic communities are highly dependent on the ecosystem, making them among the most vulnerable to climate change. The aim of this research is to, through a land-use planning approach and by reviewing global experiences in enhancing resilience against global warming, propose solutions tailored to the ecosystem, structure, and biocultural system of nomadic communities to reduce climate-related damages. Accordingly, based on the major dimensions of climate-warming threats, land-use planning components, the roles and actors involved in this challenge, and lessons learned from similar contexts, a conceptual framework and an operational program will be developed to enhance the resilience of migratory pastoralists to the impacts of global warming. The findings of this study can be used in future policymaking related to sustaining the livelihoods of nomadic groups and ensuring food security.